Balsam fir (Abies balsamea) is a North American evergreen tree commonly found in coniferous forests across Canada and the northeastern United States. This tree typically reaches heights of 45 to 75 feet and is characterized by a narrow, spire-like crown and smooth, gray bark that becomes rough and scaly with age.
The needles of balsam fir are flat, about 1 to 1.5 inches long, and arranged in a dense, spiral pattern around the twig, providing the tree with a full, robust appearance. These needles are a vibrant, deep green above, with two silvery-white bands beneath that consist of numerous stomata (tiny openings for gas exchange).
A key feature of the balsam fir is its distinctive fragrance, highly valued in aromatherapy and perfumery. The scent profile of balsam fir is crisp and refreshing, featuring clean, woodsy notes with hints of sweet resinous pine. This aroma is often associated with the Christmas season due to its popularity as a Christmas tree. It is soothing and invigorating, often used in scented products like candles, soaps, and room sprays to evoke the essence of a serene, forest environment. The essential oil derived from its resin, known as fir balsam oil, is particularly noted for its vibrant, green, balsamic scent that captures the essence of the wild, coniferous forests where it grows.